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Bowel And Bladder Management

For persons living with a spinal cord injury (SCI) or spinal cord disease (SCD), problems associated with bowel and/or bladder functioning are common and have serious consequences for both health maintenance and participation, and ultimately for quality of life.

Literature

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  2. Chen D, Anschel AS. Gastrointestinal disorders. In: Kirshblum S, Campagnolo DI. (eds.) Spinal cord medicine. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (USA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011. p. 174-184.
  3. Linsenmeyer TA. Neurogenic bladder following spinal cord injury. In: Kirshblum S, Campagnolo DI. (eds.) Spinal cord medicine. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (USA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011. p. 211-241.
  4. Paraforum. Library: The body. [Internet] Available from: https://www.paraforum.ch/article/the-body. Accessed March 2016.
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  6. Ozisler Z, Koklu K, Ozel S, Unsal-Delialioglu S. Outcomes of bowel program in spinal cord injury patients with neurogenic bowel dysfunction. Neural Regen Res. 2015; 10(7): 1153-1158.
  7. Horton JA, Chancellor MB, Labatia I. Bladder management for the evolving spinal cord injury: Options and considerations. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2003; 9(1): 36-52.
  8. Lynch A. et al. Bowel dysfunction following spinal cord injury: A description of bowel function in a spinal cord-injured population and comparison with age and gender matched controls. Spinal Cord. 2000; 38(12): 717-723.
  9. Miller J, Hoffman E. The causes and consequences of overactive bladder. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2006; 15(3): 251-260.
  10. Bickenbach J, Officer A, Shakespeare T, von Groote P. (eds.) International perspectives on spinal cord injury (IPSCI). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2013.
  11. Behçets International. What is Behçets syndrome? [Internet] Available from: http://www.behcetsinternational.com/. Accessed March 2016.
  12. Kobayashi T, Kishimoto M, Swearingen CJ, Filopoulos MT, Ohara Y, Tokuda Y, Oshikawa H, Yoshida K, Utsunomiya M, Kimura M, Okada M, Matsui K, Yazici Y. Differences in clinical manifestations, treatment, and concordance rates with two major sets of criteria for Behçet’s syndrome for patients in the US and Japan: Data from a large, three-center cohort study. Mod Rheumatol. 2013; 23: 547-553.
  13. Davatchi F, Sadeghi Abdollahi B, Chams-Davatchi C, Shahram F, Shams H, Nadji A, Faezi T, Akhlaghi M, Ghodsi Z, Mohtasham N, Ashofteh F. The saga of diagnostic/classification criteria in Behcet's disease. Int J Rheum Dis. 2015; 18(6): 594-605.
  14. World Health Organization. International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2001.
  15. Miller W, Chan C. Spinal Cord Independence Measure (SCIM). [Internet] 1 February 2013. Available from: http://www.scireproject.com/outcome-measures-new/spinal-cord-independence-measure-scim. Accessed April 2016.
  16. Roach MJ, Frost FS, Creasey G. Social and personal consequences of acquired bowel dysfunction for persons with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2000; 23(4): 263-269.